How the Reset Works in U.S. Healthcare

By Deepak Chopra™ MD and Wayne Jonas, MD

The COVID-19 crisis has exposed so many fault lines in the U.S. that a call for a reset has sprung up. Years of reckless attacks on the government’s emergency response to a pandemic, and neglect of our public health infrastructure left us unprepared to handle COVID. Now that two vaccines offer hope, with a third or more on the way, the pandemic might become a disaster viewed in the rearview mirror. If it should fade, let’s not forget the important lessons it has taught us for what changes are needed in healthcare to prevent damage from future epidemics.

We can do much better. The CDC reported earlier this year that 90 percent of those hospitalized from coronavirus had underlying chronic health issues such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, chronic lung and cardiovascular disease. Many are African-American. Many are old and poor. Their plight existed, and was getting worse, before the pandemic shone a glaring spotlight on the tragedies that are caused, in the final analysis, by the system itself.

Rife with political infighting, soaring costs in hospital care and even everyday outpatient care, U.S. health care is shielded behind its triumphs for the acute manifestations of disease, which are worth praising. We have the best ER care in the world, the best advanced medical research, top medical schools, and the best pharmaceutical companies – all focused on recue medicine once disease is advanced.

But behind this impressive shield there is a very real threat of declining wellness and shortened lifespan in this country. As always, following the money gets you to the centers of power. Those who make money from the system as it is, like big pharma and insurance companies, have no incentive to reduce health care costs or prevent disease. The trail also leads to Congress, which is conflicted by money that flows through lobbying to health-care legislation that further benefits the industry as is. What is good for the public often comes second, if at all.

The weakest fault line in the U.S. system is management of chronic or lifestyle disease like heart disease, hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, to which should be added the epidemic of pain and opioid misuse. You cannot monetize prevention and wellness, which is why the system kicks in only when immediate action is called for, generally at the ER and in the hospital. If things had been any different, the death rates from COVID-19 would be much lower and intensive care units would not be as overwhelmed as they are now.

Let’s not make the same mistake we made with the opioid epidemic. In the 1990s, while some leaders at National Institutes of Health were advocating an increase in research on drug-free treatments for pain, including acupuncture, yoga and mind-body practices, mainstream medicine rejected such concepts and basically embraced the use of opioids as a blanket treatment for pain. The opioid epidemic began as a mindset before the first prescription for OxyContin was written.

Now we are scrambling to adopt what was sensible and safe to begin with. The American College of Physicians offers guidelines encouraging the use of acupuncture, yoga and mind-body practices in lieu of opioid prescriptions for chronic pain management. But our system was not built to deliver or pay for these approaches. Not only is it easier for a doctor to write a prescription, but we must face the grim realization that OxyContin was touted as non-addictive, shamefully suppressing research that showed it was.

The only change that will get us out of this morass is a reset of attitudes, beliefs, and outworn habits. In other words, a change in our consciousness. The U.S. military and Veterans Administration have already embraced a whole person, integrative health approach to care because they have a vested interest in reducing costs and having resilient, healthy military communities. That’s a start.

But a wholesale reset requires that we stop thinking in outmoded, inefficient ways and shift to concepts that will sink into the awareness of the whole country.

  • Prevention, which is risk-based, needs to shift to wellbeing, which is a positive lifelong goal.
  • Whole-person approaches need to replace the targeted treatment of symptoms.
  • People need to take an active role in their self-care and wellbeing with support and expert advice from health professionals.
  • Chronic illness needs to be understood as a process that takes years, even decades to develop. The earliest prevention is also the easiest and most effective way to manage disease.
  • Mainstream medicine must shift to a whole person, integrative health approach that promotes and produces health and lifelong wellbeing

Looking at this list, you can see that the reset is not difficult for anyone at the individual level. You don’t have to wait for government, lobbyists, big pharma, or even your local hospital to lead the way. Nothing changes until you are aware of it. Making yourself aware of healthy choices is so basic that millions of people already have taken. We need a medical system that supports this.

 

Wayne Jonas, MD, Executive Director of Samueli Integrative Health Programs, is a board-certified, practicing family physician, an expert in integrative health and health care delivery, a widely published scientific investigator and author of the book How Healing Works. Additionally, Dr. Jonas is a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the Medical Corps of the United States Army. Dr. Jonas was the Director of the Office of Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health from 1995-1999, and prior to that served as the Director of the Medical Research Fellowship at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Family Physicians and clinical Professor of Family Medicine at Georgetown University and the Uniformed Services University. www.DrWayneJonas.com
DEEPAK CHOPRA™ MD, FACP, founder of The Chopra Foundation, a non-profit entity for research on well-being and humanitarianism, and Chopra Global, a modern-day whole health company at the intersection of science and spirituality, is a world-renowned pioneer in integrative medicine and personal transformation. Chopra is a Clinical Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, San Diego and serves as a senior scientist with Gallup Organization. He is the author of over 90 books translated into over forty-three languages, including numerous New York Times bestsellers. His latest book, Total Meditation (Harmony Books) helps us to achieve new dimensions of stress-free living and a joyful life. For the last thirty years, Chopra has been at the forefront of the meditation revolution and his next book, TIME magazine has described Dr. Chopra as “one of the top 100 heroes and icons of the century.” www.deepakchopra.com

Switching from Lifespan to Healthspan

By Naveen Jain and Deepak Chopra™, MD

Some pessimism has been circulating about lifespan recently. In the modern era lifespan has increased every decade, and dying before you turn seventy would now be considered a premature death. Three score and ten is no longer a destination for a normal life, and average lifespans among people who are not underprivileged could easily top ninety in the near future.

The difference in quality of life is now more important than lifespan on its own, because the health status of two seventy-year-olds can vary wildly. The concept to keep in mind is healthspan, defined as the years you spend without infirmity, chronic disease, and dementia. Right now healthspan is a hit and miss proposition.

While we are told that our genes determine how we age, this needs to be clarified. Research on identical twins reveals that it’s not your genes that determine your healthspan but your lifestyle, nutrition, and gut microbiome that play a much more important role. Identical twins are born with the same genes, a fact that will not change over the decades, but by age seventy, many identical twins are as unalike in their health status as two people chosen at random.

What makes the difference is known as gene expression. DNA is an inactive molecule, but its expression into active molecules (proteins), is influenced by all the factors that determine the difference between aging well or badly. The active side of genetics belongs to the field of epigenetics, which controls whether a gene is turned on or off. You carry around at the epigenetic level all the major experiences of your lifetime. As these accumulate, they automatically divide into experiences that promote a long healthspan and those that do the opposite.

Here is where a breakthrough is possible that could make an enormous difference. We said that you cannot change the genes you were born with, which has been gospel in genetics for decades. Even though you can not change the genes you are born with, you can change their expression, which is what matters. Also, 90% of your genes are not in your cells but in your gut microbiome. Trillions of bacteria in your digestive tract do more than digest food. They constitute an immense chemical factory sending messages to every part of the body. Humans have evolved in cooperation with these bacteria. They are not alien or separate from you; they are part of your evolution, affecting you every moment.

Chemical messages can be harmful, such as those that create inflammation or promote stress, or beneficial. Your microbiome is unique to you and constantly shifting. In essence, you are changing the vast majority of your genes through your lifestyle, for the gut microbiome amounts to 90% of your genes. The genes you were born with amount to only 10% of your total genome. The good news here is that you can change their expression, also.

Healthspan, therefore, depends on living in such a way that the entire genetic complement functions properly. The enemies of beneficial gene expression are now pretty well known:

  • Impure water, air, and food
  • Lack of hygiene and sanitation
  • Stress
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Toxins like alcohol and tobacco
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Inherited predisposition (normally a minor factor if you are healthy)

These negative factors take years to develop before symptoms appear and a doctor must be visited. In the meantime, people shorten their healthspan simply through everyday choices. It’s the small things accumulating over a long time that determine who is healthy at seventy and who isn’t. Similarly, the choices that support the best functioning at the cellular level are well know.

  • Pure food, water, and air
  • Absence of additives and toxins
  • Moderate physical activity
  • Meditation
  • Lowered stress
  • Good level of mood
  • Close fulfilling relationships
  • Having a good support system
  • Overall happiness and well-being

These influences go far beyond preventive medicine and depending on a doctor to keep you healthy. You can lower your biological age by the choices you make, and your entire complement of genes will benefit. They express the benefit by exchanging chemical messages that promote their own lives at the cellular level. Those messages are chemical and therefore do not speak in the language humans share. But every aspect of consciousness, going beyond the physical, lies at the heart of healthspan.

That’s why a direct connection can be made between meditating, even for a short period, and the level of telomerase in your cells. Telomerase is a chemical that is vital to keeping DNA intact without fraying from age. It took years of intense research to uncover the role of telomerase, yet the bottom line is that your consciousness, not just your positive lifestyle choices, is key to what your cells are doing, including the one-celled microbes in your intestinal tract.

More importantly, however, is the message that healthspan should be everyone’s top priority when thinking about present and future health. What makes you young and keeps you young is the healthy functioning, right this minute, of your cells and microbiome. How do you actually know that your lifestyle is contributing towards healthy aging or in other words are you biologically becoming younger or older than your chronological age. Viome is a company that recently launched a health intelligence service that gives you insight into your microbial health, cellular health, immune system health, mitochondrial health, stress response health and your biological age. For fair disclosure authors are founders and advisor to Viome. Your microbiome are living solely for your benefit, and by giving them some attention in return, you are caring for your future far beyond what a doctor can do after symptoms appear.

DEEPAK CHOPRA™ MD, FACP, founder of The Chopra Foundation, a non-profit entity for research on well-being and humanitarianism, and Chopra Global, a modern-day health company at the intersection of science and spirituality, is a world-renowned pioneer in integrative medicine and personal transformation. Chopra is a Clinical Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, San Diego and serves as a senior scientist with Gallup Organization. He is the author of over 89 books translated into over forty-three languages, including numerous New York Times bestsellers. His 90th book, Metahuman: Unleashing Your Infinite Potential, unlocks the secrets to moving beyond our present limitations to access a field of infinite possibilities. TIME magazine has described Dr. Chopra as “one of the top 100 heroes and icons of the century.”
Naveen Jain is the founder of Viome and many other successful companies. Viome’s Health Intelligence service assesses your gut microbiome health, cellular health, mitochondrial health, immune system health, and your stress response health. Viome can even reveal your biological age. Naveen is the author of the award-winning book Moonshots– Creating the World of Abundance, has been awarded E&Y “Entrepreneur of the Year”, and “Most Creative Person” by Fast Company.

Your Microbiome: The Most Promising Facts

By Naveen Jain and Deepak Chopra™, MD

It is fair to say that the exploration of the microbiome has turned out to be the most exciting prospect in medicine since the discovery of DNA. Most people have at least heard the term “gut microbiome,” which applies to the trillions of microbes, chiefly bacteria, that live in the human digestive tract. Awareness has risen to the point that taking probiotics—over-the-counter additives of microbes to supplement and balance the gut microbiome—has become a global $5 billion-dollar market.

We’ve reached the point, after a decade of intense investigation, where the ABCs of the microbiome are known. These facts provide the groundwork for what you can do, or cannot do, to improve your own gut microbiome (the word “gut” is necessary because we have multiple microbiomes in our mouth, groin, and armpits as well as over the surface of our skin).

Here are some basic facts and the positive implications of each:

  • Every person’s microbiome is unique.
    Positive implication: Individual diets can be tailored to promote the best bacterial activity in your diet.
  • Hundreds and perhaps thousands of different species of bacteria inhabit the gut microbiome. As part of a teeming community that is involved in digesting your food, some bacteria are beneficial, some are not.
    Positive implication: It is possible to potentially increase the beneficial bacteria and decrease the harmful ones.
  • Through direct chemical signals sent to the immune system, the gut microbiome has a strong, perhaps the strongest, influence on your immune status.
    Positive implication: All types of diseases, including cancer and the major chronic diseases of modern life (obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension), might be prevented and possibly cured through maintaining a healthy gut microbiome.
  • Diet is seen as the most powerful way to change your gut microbiome, since each bacterial species feeds on specific foods.
    Positive implication: Without any kind of medication, a healthy microbiome should be sustainable through proper diet alone.

You can see why the microbiome has provoked so much promise and excitement. As positive as these facts are, however, they are also very general. At present there are hundreds of studies on the gut microbiome that have reached no consensus, so the whole field remains in flux.

Here are the major issues that need to be resolved.
There is no ideal microbiome and therefore no ideal diet. Much seems to depend on the individual. Even inside one person the community of micro-organisms is incredibly complex.

Studies show that indigenous peoples around the world have much richer gut microbiomes than in developed countries. This depletion of our microbiome has some researchers worried, but no conclusion has been reached.

With so many issues still up in the air, what can you reliably do to maintain a healthier microbiome? In your colon, the food that nourishes you isn’t what nourishes your microbiome. It feeds largely on fiber, of which there are many kinds. But essentially fiber is from vegetables, grains, and legumes. Those foods are considered “prebiotic,” meaning that they are the building blocks that the microbiome needs. A diet rich in prebiotics would include a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, grain, and nuts. This is far more important than taking a probiotic pill and buying active yogurt.

Secondly, it is now possible to test your own gut microbiome to see what is weak, deficient, or out of balance in it. To understand what such a test can tell you, we’ll delve into the biology of the gut microbiome.

Each person’s gut microbiome can produce beneficial molecules such as vitamins and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and it can also produce harmful molecules (e.g., lipopolysaccharides and putrescine). They key is that the production of molecules is determined by the dietary ingredients in food. The micronutrients in our food are the raw materials for specific microbiome functions. Because every person’s gut microbiome is unique, the same food given to two people can cause the microbiome of one person to produce beneficial molecules and the other person harmful molecules.

By performing functional (gene expression) tests through stool samples, each person can feed their microbiome exactly what it needs to produce lots of beneficial molecules rather than the harmful ones. Presently the only such RNA (functional) microbiome test readily available is from Viome—in the interests of fair reporting, the two authors are the founder of Viome and an advisor to the company. But our larger aim is to further the practical application of microbiome research.

Let’s deepen this understanding. Your cells share a chemical language with the bacteria in your gut. They sense their environment using chemical signaling. Crucially, the immune system, senses the presence or absence of specific molecules that rigger an immune response. For example, your immune system mounts an inflammatory response if it senses the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and inflammation calms down in the presence of a different molecule, butyrate. Both LPS and butyrate can be produced by many types of bacteria under specific conditions. If we can figure out which foods a person should eat, and which ones to avoid, we can rebalance the functions of their microbiome to reduce the inflammation and chronic diseases. Because every person has a different gut microbiome, there is no one diet that is good for all people.

Only individual testing makes precise dietary recommendations possible. Your gut microbiome can be used to measure your own digestive abilities. For example, if our digestive juices are not able to process all the protein we eat, the undigested protein will make its way to the colon, where certain microbes can convert it to putrescine or cadaverine, two harmful chemicals that deserve their morbid names. If these microbial functions (processing of undigested proteins into putrescine or cadaverine) are measured by a functional stool test, it can inform a person to reduce their protein intake.

This brings up the difference between DNA and RNA tests. Let’s say that a DNA test determines that someone’s gut microbiome has the genes that ferment undigested proteins into putrescine and cadaverine. That DNA test cannot determine if those genes are active or not (in other words, is protein fermentation actually happening?). Only an RNA test can determine if harmful protein fermentation actually takes place or not, because it measures gene activity, not just the presence or absence of the genes.

Testing is a critical step in doing the most important thing, analyzing the state of your gut microbiome, since it is unique to you. There are exciting links being made with autoimmune disorders and a person’s immune response to invading pathogens (a pressing issue during the COVID-19 pandemic). With so much suspicion being directed at inflammation and stress as the root cause of chronic illness, the gut microbiome has huge implications.

We’ve given a one over lightly of the issues involved, but the important thing is that at this very moment faith, fiction, and facts are being separated out. This is some of the best medical news one can think of.

DEEPAK CHOPRA™ MD, FACP, founder of The Chopra Foundation, a non-profit entity for research on well-being and humanitarianism, and Chopra Global, a modern-day health company at the intersection of science and spirituality, is a world-renowned pioneer in integrative medicine and personal transformation. Chopra is a Clinical Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, San Diego and serves as a senior scientist with Gallup Organization. He is the author of over 89 books translated into over forty-three languages, including numerous New York Times bestsellers. His 90th book, Metahuman: Unleashing Your Infinite Potential, unlocks the secrets to moving beyond our present limitations to access a field of infinite possibilities. TIME magazine has described Dr. Chopra as “one of the top 100 heroes and icons of the century.”
Naveen Jain is the founder of Viome and many other successful companies. Viome’s Health Intelligence service assesses your gut microbiome health, cellular health, mitochondrial health, immune system health, and your stress response health. Viome can even reveal your biological age. Naveen is the author of the award-winning book Moonshots– Creating the World of Abundance, has been awarded E&Y “Entrepreneur of the Year”, and “Most Creative Person” by Fast Company.

Nature’s Identity Crisis and Ours

By Zach Bush MD, Paul J. Mills, PhD, Rudolph E. Tanzi, PhD, Michelle A. Williams, ScD
and Deepak Chopra™ MD

As our nation dives into sorrow and outrage over another merciless killing of a black man without cause, we must take the opportunity to transform a deep mindset. To achieve this, we will have to collectively shake off deep patterns of subconscious and conscious beliefs and experiences. The frequency of these instances of wrongful deaths and centuries of racially motivated abuses throughout the world creates hopelessness in our minds. For all of the rhetoric and grandstanding of our politicians and special interest groups, we do not see fundamental change happening. This hopelessness breeds violence, resignation, isolation, paranoia, and of course more fear.

Whatever the current crises happen to be—right now it is COVID, racial injustice, police brutality, and street demonstrations—a familiar pattern has been nearly impossible to break. The crisis generates a public outcry, humanitarians face off against reactionaries, and once the worst of the crisis simmers down, things go back to normal. The great hope now, however, is that “normal” will finally be seen for its distorted abnormality.

 

In our view, this abnormality runs deeper than a pandemic or heart-rending injustice and inequality. A much-needed shift cannot take place until humankind passes through an identity crisis. How we see ourselves is presently through a distorted lens, and our illusions extend to the very basis of Nature herself. Human activity has despoiled Nature without conscience because humans, at our core, feel that this is our right as the planet’s superior life form. The contradiction here is that a truly superior life form would respect all of life, seeing the wonder and fragility of the miracle known as biodiversity.

Like many scientific terms, biodiversity sounds abstract and dry. To bring it home and give it vitality, one has to start with a simple fact: Each of us is as biodiverse as the entire planet. Our DNA was built from viral and bacterial DNA, and the constant communication between the genetic material of these micro-organisms keeps us dynamically alive, protected from disease and an intimate part of the chain of life everywhere.

Sadly, human activity has threatened biodiversity, and the stress we have placed on micro-organisms, even more perhaps than the extinction of species, is coming back to haunt us. The threat of COVID isn’t isolated or unique. Nature’s most powerful urge is to keep life diverse and flourishing from the fundamental level of fungi, viruses, and bacteria, whose DNA outnumbers ours by a factor measured in millions and billions, if not more. Only in the past 30 years has research into the microbiome (the total mass of micro-organisms) brought to light how crucial Nature’s balancing act actually is. Without the bacteria, viruses and fungus that inhabit our bodies, human life would not be possible. As Earth is a symbiotic collection of diverse species cohabitating to give our planet life, so are we, and as with Earth, balance is the key.

 

 

The recent science discoveries in the microbiome have been a mind-bending experience as this once unseen world has come alive under our microscopes, through genome sequencing and through advances in computational biology. The notion that human DNA is somehow superior and separate from the DNA of bananas, mice, a cold virus, or mushrooms has toppled. It is humbling to realize that we aren’t at the center of life on earth. We mingle with planetary DNA with every breath, and the jet stream regularly populates the local air with viruses spinning around the globe in a matter of days. The ecosystems around us and within our own bodies team with millions of species of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites that vastly outnumber us and, humbling to realize, make us viable. We are at once a genetic speck in the vast thriving microcosmos of life, yet also in a position of critical responsibility to help maintain this extraordinary diversity.

The human gut microbiome, which is essential for digesting food, contains trillions of bacteria, outnumbering our human cells by more than 10 to 1, and this is not even considering the far more diverse kingdoms of fungi and protozoa within us. Beyond the confines of the gut, each internal organ, from the liver to the breast, kidneys, and even the brain, is now recognized to depend on unique ecosystems of microorganisms that keep our cells healthy. Over 90% of the work done by enzymes in the human body is done by the microbiome. The same non-human life force works with endocrine cells within the gut to produce over 90% of serotonin, a neurotransmitter necessary for our much-touted human brain to function.

Once you realize that you and the planet’s biodiversity are one, nothing less than a shift of identity follows. An adage from ancient India, “As is the greatest, so is the smallest,” has never been truer. Microbiome diversity is the foundation for health and longevity, while the destruction of this diversity is the beginning of chronic disease of every variety. The adage could be expanded to “As is the outside, so is the inside.” The global microbiome functions as a communication network that actually passes electrical information throughout the cellular matrix to coordinate everything life needs to thrive at the cellular level, not simply nutrition and reproduction but repair and adaptation to changing conditions.

Nature is managing its own identity crisis now. Nature’s fluent communication network cannot be produced by a single species, but it can be threatened by one. At the exact moment in history when our existence is being understood as one thread woven in the tapestry of life as a whole, we are tearing the fabric apart, and all life forms will suffer. To give one instance, every year over 4 billion pounds of glyphosate (the active ingredient in the most commonly used herbicides) is sprayed into our soil, water, air, and foods, sterilizing the microbiome and harming the creatures, including us, that the microbiome nourishes.

Life on earth is at risk for extinction because of our war against diversity. The scale of damage is too frightening to contemplate, much less measure. We must transform now. The victims of this war are standing right in front of us. The soil, wind, and water, the First Nations, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and the tide of refugees. The world’s dispossessed and disenfranchised depend on us to emerge from our false assumed identity of superiority over and separateness from the whole of life. Reconciliation can begin today. Train your mind and eye to seek out and cherish diversity in every element of your life.

Breathe and explore a new ecosystem this week. Create and listen to a more diverse community, both within your body and all around you. Plant a seed and a new relationship this week. Get curious and explore what is different from you, so that we can quickly discover what we all share. Life everywhere calls out to be saved. Life everywhere calls out to be loved.

 

DEEPAK CHOPRA™ MD, FACP, founder of The Chopra Foundation, a non-profit entity for research on well-being and humanitarianism, and Chopra Global, a modern-day health company at the intersection of science and spirituality, is a world-renowned pioneer in integrative medicine and personal transformation. Chopra is a Clinical Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, San Diego and serves as a senior scientist with Gallup Organization. He is the author of over 89 books translated into over forty-three languages, including numerous New York Times bestsellers. His 90th book, Metahuman: Unleashing Your Infinite Potential, unlocks the secrets to moving beyond our present limitations to access a field of infinite possibilities. TIME magazine has described Dr. Chopra as “one of the top 100 heroes and icons of the century.”
ZACH BUSH, MD is an internationally recognized educator and thought leader on the microbiome as it relates to ecology, human health, and consciousness. Board certified in Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Hospice Care, his published biomedical research ranges from chemotherapy development to the role of the microbiome and agricultural toxins in human health and disease. He is founder and CEO of Seraphic Group, Inc., an IP development firm committed to developing root-cause solutions to bring balance to the biome of our planet. His non-profit, Farmer’s Footprint, is raising awareness of the synonymous nature of human and soil health, and working to create a roadmap to end chemical food production and ecologic destruction through the universal adoption of regenerative agriculture.
PAUL J. MILLS, PH.D. is Professor and Chief in the Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Director of the Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health at the University of California, San Diego. He has expertise in Integrative Medicine and psychoneuroimmune processes in wellness and disease, with approximately 380 scientific manuscripts and book chapters on these topics.
RUDOLPH E. TANZI, PH.D. is the Vice-Chair of Neurology, Director of the Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Co-Director of the Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, and Co-Director of the MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease at Massachusetts General Hospital. He also serves as the Joseph P. and Rose F. Kennedy Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Tanzi discovered several Alzheimer’s disease genes, including all three early-onset familial Alzheimer’s genes, and serves as director of the Alzheimer’s Genome Project. He is also developing therapies for treating and preventing AD using human mini-brain organoid models of the disease, pioneered in his laboratory. Dr. Tanzi has published 600 papers, received numerous awards and was on the 2015 TIME100 Most Influential People in the World list. Dr. Tanzi is a New York Times bestselling author, who has co-authored “Decoding Darkness” and three bestsellers with Deepak Chopra: “Super Brain”, “Super Genes”, and “The Healing Self”.
MICHELLE A. WILLIAMS, SM ’88, ScD ’91, is Dean of the Faculty, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Angelopoulos Professor in Public Health and International Development, a joint faculty appointment at the Harvard Chan School and Harvard Kennedy School. She is an internationally renowned epidemiologist and public health scientist, an award-winning educator, and a widely recognized academic leader. Prior to becoming Dean, she was Professor and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard Chan School and Program Leader of the Population Health and Health Disparities Research Programs at Harvard’s Clinical and Translational Sciences Center. Dean Williams previously had a distinguished career at the University of Washington School of Public Health. Her scientific work places special emphasis in the areas of reproductive, perinatal, pediatric, and molecular epidemiology. Dean Williams has published over 450 scientific articles. She was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2016. The Dean has a master’s in civil engineering from Tufts University and master’s and doctoral degrees in epidemiology from the Harvard Chan School.